Professor Tamara Matysiak-Budnik, Hépato-Gastroentérologie & Oncologie Digestive, Institut des Maladies de l’Appareil Digestif, highlights the importance of wielding awareness of the global burden of gastric diseases, and the need for further research in the field, as well as improved prevention and treatment strategies.
On 2nd October, the United European Gastroenterology, the European Association for Gastroenterology, Endoscopy and Nutrition, and the Healthy Stomach Initiative (HSI), recognised World Stomach Day, which was originally initiated by the HSI.
The Role of the Stomach within the Digestive System
The stomach is a vital organ within the digestive system; it’s responsible for the chemical breakdown of ingested food before it continues its journey into the small intestine. The stomach is also involved in the absorption of a number of crucial compounds and vitamins, such as vitamin B12, necessary for the production of red blood cells and the functioning of the nervous system. Additionally, the stomach’s acidic environment protects against potentially harmful microbes that may enter the body with food and liquids.
Gastric Diseases
Gastric diseases range in prevalence and severity, from common short-term occurrences of dyspepsia (indigestion), to more harmful and severe chronic disorders.
These include a variety of widespread functional disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which can have a devastating and life-altering impact on the lives of sufferers. Gastric diseases also affect society as a whole, placing significant pressures on over-burdened healthcare systems. IBS, which currently affects one-in-10 people globally, is estimated to cost €3.2 billion per year in Germany alone.
Gastric Cancer
As one of the most life-threatening forms of gastric disease, gastric cancer is estimated to be the fifth most frequently diagnosed cancer and third most common cause of cancer-related death in the world. In 2018, there were 80,000 new diagnoses of stomach cancer and nearly 60,000 attributable deaths in Europe. Due to the generalised nature of the symptoms, gastric cancer is often only detected at a later stage, leading to comparatively lower survival rates than many other cancers.
Despite the general decline in gastric cancer cases globally, recent studies have uncovered a concerning link between patients with chronic autoimmune gastritis (AIG) and the development of gastric cancer. In two studies carried in America and Sweden, results showed that individuals with AIG had a three-fold increased risk of developing stomach carcinoid tumours and adenocarcinomas. Like other autoimmune diseases, AIG predominately affects females (3:1 ratio), potentially providing a link between AIG and the increasing incidence of gastric adenocarcinoma among young white females in America. The recent detection of gastric cancer among younger sectors of the population may indicate that declining levels of gastric cancer could reverse in the future.
Identifying and treating gastric cancer at an early stage can dramatically increase survival rates and treatment options. The five-year survival rate for gastric cancer is currently 31 per cent; reflecting the often late diagnosis of the condition. In comparison, the five-year survival rate for gastric cancer more than doubles (68 per cent) if the cancer is detected before spreading outside the stomach. Earlier detection of gastric cancer can also lead to a reduced need for aggressive treatment options and invasive surgery. Although not a certainty, precancerous lesions can be an indicator of future cancer progression and should be followed carefully. Recognising precancerous lesions in patients and subsequently monitoring them is an essential measure in reducing the incidence of and mortality rates associated with gastric cancer. The recent publication ‘Management of Epithelial Precancerous Conditions and Lesions in the Stomach’ clearly characterises the various lesions and management methods, encouraging a standardisation of treatment strategies across Europe for precancerous conditions and lesions in the stomach.
Recent Advancements in Endoscopic Imaging
Decreasing global mortality relies primarily on the early detection and accurate diagnosis of gastric cancer through endoscopy.
Over the last few decades, there have been a number of critical technological advancements in endoscopic imaging, improving mucosal visualisation and diagnosis. High-definition endoscopy with chromoendoscopy is currently one of the most effective diagnostic methods for identifying gastric adenocarcinoma, potentially allowing for the visualisation of gastric atrophy and intestinal metaplasia.
Despite these advances, continual improvements in endoscopic imaging are still necessary to significantly improve the prognosis of gastric cancer.
Helicobacter Pylori (H. pylori)
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is one of the greatest risk factors for gastric cancer. Often contracted during childhood, approximately two-thirds of the world’s population harbours H. pylori bacteria within the stomach. Although an important factor in the development of gastric cancer, evidence has shown that the successful eradication of H. pylori does not completely prevent the development of gastric cancer. A 2018 study suggested that H. pylori infection may only be an early event in the development of gastric cancer, preparing the gastric mucosa for further changes. Further research on the gastric microbiome is required to identify the precise role of H. pylori in the development of gastric cancer, potentially opening up pathways to novel prevention and treatment strategies.
Important strides are continually being made in the treatment of H. pylori infection. Quadruple therapy is becoming increasingly common in areas with growing levels of resistance to standard triple therapy and impressive eradication rates are being achieved. More recently, vonoprazan, a potassium-competitive acid blocker, has been explored as a novel treatment strategy. A large Japanese study comparing vonoprazan to proton-pump inhibitors demonstrated a higher eradication rate with vonoprazan. Noticeably, the eradication rates of vonoprazan combined with amoxicillin and clarithromycin in clarithromycin-resistant patients was over 80 per cent. With a general rise in antibiotic resistance rates globally, evolving treatment options are necessary to combat H. pylori infections and associated gastric conditions.
Despite major advancements in the field, gastric diseases remain prominent across the globe. Concerning evidence has also suggested that a variety of gastric diseases may be increasing among the younger population. With the pathogenesis of many gastric conditions still being debated, further research is urgently required to improve patient outcomes and reduce the societal impact caused by these often burdensome and disruptive diseases.
References
1. Reconciliation of Recent Helicobacter pylori Treatment Guidelines in a Time of Increasing Resistance to Antibiotics. Fallone CA, Moss SF, Malfertheiner P. Gastroenterology. 2019 Jul;157(1):44-53
2. Gastric Cancer as Preventable Disease. Rugge M, Genta RM, Di Mario F, El-Omar EM, El-Serag HB, Fassan M, Hunt RH, Kuipers EJ, Malfertheiner P, Sugano K, Graham DY. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Dec;15(12):1833-1843
3. Helicobacter pylori Infection: New Facts in Clinical Management. Malfertheiner P, Venerito M, Schulz C. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2018 Dec;16(4):605-615
4. A New Gastric Cancer Among Us. Blaser MJ, Chen Y. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2018 Jun 1;110(6):549-550
5. Review: Gastric malignancies: Basic aspects. Camargo MC, Figueiredo C, Machado JC. Helicobacter. 2019 Sep ; 24 Suppl 1:e12642. doi: 10.1111/hel.12642
